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Visual Knowledge and Cultural Bias Visual forms are never neutral. Every diagram, chart, or image carries cultural assumptions about what knowledge is and how it should look. From geometry to Google Maps, people have used images not just to show information but to organize and control knowledge. We must study images as interpretive systems, not as transparent mirrors of truth. Visual knowledge is constructed — shaped by values, technologies, and worldviews. She calls for a humanistic approach to visualization: one that recognizes meaning as situated and subjective, not universal or purely mathematical. ...